Discover the latest NMN breakthroughs and benefits in this informative blog post. Learn how this compound can improve your health and longevity.

Introduction to NMN Breakthroughs

The field of anti-aging research has experienced significant advancements in recent years, with one of the most promising breakthroughs being the discovery of the molecule nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). NMN has gained considerable attention for its potential role in combating the aging process and promoting overall health. This introduction aims to provide an overview of the latest discoveries and benefits of NMN, setting the stage for a comprehensive exploration of this fascinating molecule.

NMN is a naturally occurring compound found in various food sources, such as broccoli, avocado, and edamame. It is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a critical coenzyme involved in numerous cellular processes, including energy production, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. As we age, our NAD+ levels decline, leading to a decrease in overall cellular health and function. This decline is thought to be a significant contributor to the aging process and age-related diseases.

Recent breakthroughs in NMN research have unveiled its potential to boost NAD+ levels, thereby promoting cellular health and function. This has led to a surge in interest in NMN supplementation as a potential anti-aging strategy. The benefits of NMN are not limited to its role in combating aging, as it has also been linked to improvements in brain health, cardiovascular health, and metabolic health.

As the science behind NMN continues to evolve, it is crucial to stay informed about the latest discoveries and breakthroughs. This article will delve into the current understanding of NMN and its role in aging, recent research findings, and the potential benefits of NMN supplementation. Additionally, we will discuss the safety and side effects of NMN, as well as the various forms and dosages available for supplementation.

In conclusion, NMN breakthroughs have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the aging process and pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies. As research continues to unveil the benefits of this remarkable molecule, it is essential to stay informed and make educated decisions about incorporating NMN into our daily lives for optimal health and longevity.

Understanding NMN and Its Role in Aging

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a naturally occurring molecule found in various foods, such as broccoli, cabbage, avocado, and tomatoes. It is a derivative of niacin, a form of vitamin B3, and plays a crucial role in the production of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a vital coenzyme in the human body. NAD+ is essential for various cellular processes, including energy production, DNA repair, and cell signaling. As we age, the levels of NAD+ in our bodies decline, leading to a decrease in cellular health and function, which contributes to the aging process.

Research into NMN and its potential benefits in combating aging has gained significant momentum in recent years. One of the primary reasons behind this interest is the molecule’s ability to increase NAD+ levels in the body. By boosting NAD+ levels, NMN may help counteract the decline in cellular health and function associated with aging.

A breakthrough study published in 2013 by Dr. David Sinclair and his team at Harvard Medical School demonstrated that NMN could effectively increase NAD+ levels in mice, leading to improved mitochondrial function and increased longevity (Yoshino et al., 2013). This study sparked a surge in interest in NMN and its potential anti-aging benefits.

One of the critical roles of NAD+ in the aging process is its involvement in DNA repair. As we age, our DNA accumulates damage, which can lead to various age-related diseases and conditions. NAD+ is required for the activation of certain enzymes, such as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and sirtuins, which play essential roles in DNA repair and cellular health. By increasing NAD+ levels through NMN supplementation, it is hypothesized that the body’s ability to repair DNA damage may be enhanced, potentially slowing down the aging process.

Another important aspect of NMN‘s role in aging is its impact on cellular energy production. Mitochondria, the powerhouses of our cells, require NAD+ to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the primary source of energy for cellular processes. As NAD+ levels decline with age, mitochondrial function and energy production may become compromised, leading to a decline in overall cellular health. By boosting NAD+ levels, NMN may help maintain optimal mitochondrial function and cellular energy production, contributing to improved health and longevity.

In summary, NMN plays a critical role in the aging process through its involvement in NAD+ production, DNA repair, and cellular energy production. The recent breakthroughs and discoveries in NMN research have shed light on its potential benefits in combating age-related decline in cellular health and function. As scientists continue to unravel the complex mechanisms underlying NMN‘s effects on aging, the potential for NMN supplementation to promote health and longevity becomes increasingly promising.

Recent Discoveries in NMN Research

In recent years, there have been several significant breakthroughs in NMN research, shedding light on its potential benefits and mechanisms of action. These discoveries have contributed to a growing interest in NMN as a promising anti-aging compound and have paved the way for further investigation into its potential applications in health and longevity.

One of the most notable discoveries in NMN research is its ability to increase levels of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a critical coenzyme involved in various cellular processes, including energy production, DNA repair, and cell signaling. A study published in the journal science.sciencemag.org/content/355/6331/1312″>Science in 2017 found that NMN supplementation could reverse DNA damage caused by aging and radiation exposure in mice. This finding is particularly significant, as DNA damage is a major contributor to aging and age-related diseases.

Recent research has also revealed the potential benefits of NMN in improving metabolic health. A study published in the journal Cell Reports in 2018 demonstrated that NMN supplementation could improve glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet. These findings suggest that NMN may have potential applications in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

In addition to its effects on metabolism, NMN has also been shown to have potential benefits for brain health. A study published in the journal Scientific Reports in 2019 found that NMN supplementation could improve cognitive function and synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. This research highlights the potential of NMN as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders.

Furthermore, NMN has been found to have potential benefits for cardiovascular health. A study published in the journal Circulation Research in 2018 demonstrated that NMN supplementation could improve endothelial function and reduce arterial stiffness in aged mice, suggesting a potential role for NMN in promoting cardiovascular health and preventing age-related decline in vascular function.

These recent discoveries in NMN research have significantly advanced our understanding of the potential benefits and mechanisms of action of this promising compound. As research continues to progress, it is likely that we will continue to uncover new insights into the potential applications of NMN in promoting health and longevity.

NMN and Cellular Energy Production

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has been gaining attention in recent years due to its potential role in cellular energy production and its implications for anti-aging and longevity. NMN is a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), a crucial coenzyme involved in various cellular processes, including energy metabolism, DNA repair, and cell signaling. As we age, NAD+ levels decline, leading to a decrease in cellular energy production and an increase in age-related diseases. This decline in NAD+ has been linked to a variety of age-related health issues, including neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders.

One of the key breakthroughs in NMN research is the discovery of its ability to boost NAD+ levels in the body. In a study conducted by researchers at the University of Washington, it was found that NMN supplementation effectively increased NAD+ levels in mice, leading to improved mitochondrial function and overall cellular health (Mills et al., 2016). This finding suggests that NMN could play a vital role in maintaining cellular energy production and combating age-related decline.

The process of cellular energy production, also known as cellular respiration, primarily takes place in the mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell. NAD+ is essential for the proper functioning of the mitochondria, as it helps transfer electrons during the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which ultimately generates adenosine triphosphate (ATP) – the primary source of energy for cells. By increasing NAD+ levels, NMN supplementation may help to improve mitochondrial function and overall cellular energy production.

Another important aspect of NMN‘s role in cellular energy production is its involvement in the activation of sirtuins, a family of proteins that regulate cellular processes such as metabolism, inflammation, and DNA repair. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent enzymes, meaning they require NAD+ to function properly. Research has shown that activating sirtuins can lead to improved mitochondrial function, increased cellular energy production, and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress (Imai & Guarente, 2014). By boosting NAD+ levels, NMN supplementation may help to activate sirtuins and promote cellular health and energy production.

In summary, NMN‘s role in cellular energy production is closely tied to its ability to increase NAD+ levels and support mitochondrial function. Recent breakthroughs in NMN research have highlighted its potential benefits for combating age-related decline in cellular energy production and promoting overall cellular health. By improving NAD+ levels and activating sirtuins, NMN supplementation may offer a promising approach to maintaining cellular energy production and promoting healthy aging.

Benefits of NMN Supplementation

The benefits of NMN supplementation have been a subject of increasing interest in recent years, as researchers continue to uncover the potential of this molecule in promoting health and longevity. As a precursor to NAD+, NMN plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including cellular energy production, DNA repair, and metabolism regulation. In this section, we will explore some of the most significant benefits of NMN supplementation, as supported by scientific research.

One of the primary benefits of NMN supplementation is its potential to combat the aging process. As we age, our NAD+ levels decline, leading to a decrease in cellular energy production and a reduced capacity for DNA repair. This decline in NAD+ has been linked to age-related diseases and a general decline in overall health. By supplementing with NMN, we can effectively boost our NAD+ levels, thereby supporting cellular health and potentially slowing down the aging process. In a study conducted on mice, researchers found that NMN supplementation effectively increased NAD+ levels and improved various age-related physiological declines, such as insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function (Wang et al., 2016). Additionally, NMN has been shown to protect against Alzheimer’s disease in animal models by reducing amyloid-beta production and improving mitochondrial function (Long et al., 2019).

Cardiovascular health is another area where NMN supplementation may prove beneficial. A decline in NAD+ levels has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure and atherosclerosis. NMN supplementation has been shown to improve vascular function and protect against age-related declines in heart function. In a study on mice, NMN supplementation was found to improve blood flow and reduce arterial stiffness, which are both important factors in maintaining cardiovascular health (de Picciotto et al., 2016).

Metabolic health is also positively influenced by NMN supplementation. As NAD+ levels decline with age, so does our ability to regulate metabolism effectively. This can lead to insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. NMN supplementation has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, as well as promote healthy weight management. In a study on mice, NMN supplementation was found to protect against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance ( (Wang et al., 2021) .

Exploration of the biological functions of NAD+ has been gaining momentum, providing many crucial insights into the pathophysiology of age-associated functional decline and diseases, such as AD. In a systematic review, Wang et al. (2021) highlighted the key roles of NAD+ precursors and related metabolites in AD models, showing how NAD+ affects the pathological hallmarks of AD and the potential mechanisms of action. Advances in understanding the molecular roles of NAD+-based neuronal resilience will result in novel approaches for the treatment of AD and set the stage for determining whether the results of exciting preclinical trials can be translated into the clinic to improve AD patients’ phenotypes (Wang et al., 2021) .

Another aspect of brain health that may be influenced by NMN and NAD+ metabolism is the response to injury in the nervous system. Sambashivan and Freeman (2021) reviewed the current knowledge of SARM1 (sterile-alpha and TIR motif containing 1) protein function in vivo and its regulation by injury-dependent changes in the local metabolic environment. The authors proposed a model whereby SARM1 acts as a sensor for metabolic changes that occur after injury and then drives catastrophic NAD+ loss to promote degeneration (Sambashivan & Freeman, 2021) . This suggests that maintaining optimal NAD+ levels through NMN supplementation could potentially help protect the nervous system from injury-induced degeneration.

Furthermore, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of apnea and hypopnea during sleep, has been linked to circadian clock disruption and metabolic consequences, including an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity (Malicki et al., 2022) . Since NMN supplementation has been shown to improve metabolic health, it is possible that it may also help mitigate the negative effects of OSA on brain health by supporting proper circadian clock function and metabolic regulation.

In conclusion, emerging research on NMN and NAD+ metabolism has unveiled promising discoveries regarding their potential benefits for brain health, particularly in the context of aging, neurodegenerative diseases, and injury response. While more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these benefits, the current findings provide a strong foundation for future investigations and potential therapeutic applications of NMN supplementation in promoting brain health and combating age-related cognitive decline.

NMN and Cardiovascular Health

NMN has recently gained attention for its potential benefits in promoting cardiovascular health. As a precursor to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), NMN plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including energy metabolism and DNA repair. Recent research has begun to unveil the potential of NMN supplementation in supporting heart health and preventing cardiovascular diseases.

One study found that long-term NMN supplementation at 250 mg/day had potential in alleviating arterial stiffness, a key factor in cardiovascular health (Katayoshi et al., 2023) . Arterial stiffness is associated with an increased risk of heart disease, stroke, and other cardiovascular complications. Although the study did not find a significant difference between the NMN and placebo groups, the trend towards decreased pulse wave velocity values in the NMN group suggests that further research is warranted to explore the potential benefits of NMN supplementation on arterial stiffness.

Another review highlighted the importance of NAD+ homeostasis and NAD+-consuming enzymes in maintaining vascular health (Campagna & Vignini, 2023) . The authors discussed the potential of administering NAD+ precursors, such as NMN, to counteract the decline in NAD+ levels associated with aging and various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases. By restoring NAD+ levels, NMN supplementation may help support endothelial function and prevent vascular dysfunction, which significantly contributes to a wide range of pathological disorders.

In addition to its potential direct effects on cardiovascular health, NMN supplementation may also provide indirect benefits by promoting overall metabolic health. For example, research has shown that NMN can protect against diabetes, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction (Alegre & Pastore, 2023) . These conditions are known risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, and by addressing these underlying issues, NMN supplementation may help to support heart health and prevent the development of cardiovascular complications.

While the current body of research on NMN and cardiovascular health is still in its early stages, the available evidence suggests that NMN supplementation may hold promise as a novel approach to promoting heart health and preventing cardiovascular diseases. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms through which NMN exerts its effects on cardiovascular health and to establish the optimal dosage and duration of supplementation for achieving these benefits.

NMN and Metabolic Health

NMN, or nicotinamide mononucleotide, has recently gained attention for its potential role in improving metabolic health. As a precursor to NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), NMN plays a crucial role in various cellular processes, including energy production, DNA repair, and cellular signaling. Recent discoveries have shed light on the potential benefits of NMN supplementation in addressing metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.

One of the key aspects of metabolic health is the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. A study published in 2022 highlighted the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and circadian clock disruption, which can lead to metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity (Malicki et al., 2022) . The study suggested that OSA-induced circadian clock disruption may be a potential underlying pathway involved in the development and exacerbation of metabolic diseases among OSA patients. NMN supplementation could potentially help address these metabolic issues by improving cellular energy production and maintaining healthy NAD+ levels.

Another important aspect of metabolic health is inflammation and cellular senescence. A 2021 study discussed the evolving concepts in NAD+ metabolism and posed open questions related to the integration of NAD metabolism with inflammation and senescence (Chini et al., 2021) . By maintaining optimal NAD+ levels, NMN supplementation may help reduce inflammation and delay cellular senescence, thereby promoting overall metabolic health.

Moreover, NAD+ has been shown to play a vital role in mitochondrial function and energy production. A 2021 study on Alzheimer’s disease highlighted the importance of NAD+ in neuronal resilience and energy metabolism (Wang et al., 2021) . By boosting NAD+ levels through NMN supplementation, it may be possible to improve mitochondrial function and energy metabolism, which could have positive implications for metabolic health.

In summary, recent discoveries in NMN research have unveiled its potential benefits in improving metabolic health. By maintaining optimal NAD+ levels, NMN supplementation may help regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, reduce inflammation, delay cellular senescence, and improve mitochondrial function. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these benefits and to determine the optimal dosage and forms of NMN supplementation for promoting metabolic health.

NMN and Longevity

The relationship between NMN and longevity has been a topic of interest in recent years, as researchers have uncovered the potential of this molecule to promote healthy aging. NMN, or nicotinamide mononucleotide, is a precursor to NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a crucial molecule involved in various cellular processes, including energy production, DNA repair, and cell signaling. As we age, NAD+ levels decline, leading to a decrease in cellular health and function, which is believed to contribute to the aging process.

One of the most significant breakthroughs in NMN research came from a study conducted by Dr. David Sinclair and his team at Harvard Medical School. In this study, they discovered that supplementing with NMN could increase NAD+ levels in mice, leading to improved mitochondrial function and increased longevity (Mills et al., 2016). This finding has sparked a surge of interest in NMN as a potential anti-aging supplement.

Further research has shown that NMN can also activate sirtuins, a family of proteins that play a crucial role in regulating cellular health and aging. Sirtuins are known to be involved in DNA repair, inflammation reduction, and metabolism regulation, all of which contribute to overall longevity (Imai & Guarente, 2014). By increasing NAD+ levels and activating sirtuins, NMN supplementation may help promote healthy aging and extend lifespan.

Another study conducted on mice found that long-term NMN supplementation could improve age-associated physiological decline, including reduced body weight, enhanced energy metabolism, and improved insulin sensitivity science.sciencemag.org/content/352/6292/1436″> (Zhang et al., 2016). This finding highlights the potential of NMN to combat age-related muscle decline and maintain physical function as we age.

While the majority of research on NMN and longevity has been conducted in animal models, preliminary human trials have shown promising results. A recent clinical trial found that NMN supplementation could increase NAD+ levels in healthy middle-aged and older adults, potentially offering similar benefits to those observed in animal studies (Yoshino et al., 2021). However, more extensive research is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of NMN supplementation on human health and longevity.

In summary, breakthroughs in NMN research have unveiled its potential to promote longevity by increasing NAD+ levels, activating sirtuins, and improving cellular health. While most studies have been conducted in animal models, early human trials show promise for the use of NMN as an anti-aging supplement. As research continues to advance, NMN may emerge as a powerful tool in the quest for healthy aging and increased lifespan.

Safety and Side Effects of NMN

As NMN gains popularity for its potential anti-aging and health benefits, it is crucial to consider the safety and possible side effects of this supplement. While research on NMN is still in its early stages, some studies have begun to address these concerns.

A recent study investigated the distribution of NMN after intravenous injection in normal and ischemic stroke mice, evaluating its therapeutic effect on ischemic brain infarction and acute toxicity (Zheng et al., 2023) . The study found that NMN distributed to various tissues, including the brain, and boosted NAD+ levels without causing acute toxicity. The mice were observed for 14 days after receiving a high dose of NMN (2 g/kg), and no adverse effects were reported.

However, it is important to note that the long-term safety of NMN supplementation is still not well-established. A review by Poljšak et al. (2022) highlights the uncertainties in dosage, timing, safety, and side effects of NAD+ boosters, including NMN (Poljšak et al., 2022) . The authors emphasize the need for more clinical trials to determine the proper dose of NMN and treatment duration for aging prevention and disease therapy. Furthermore, the review calls for research to address the long-term consequences of increased NAD+ levels and the best approaches and combinations to increase NAD+ levels safely.

Another aspect to consider is the potential interaction of NMN with medications or other supplements. Currently, there is limited information on how NMN may interact with other substances, and further research is needed to ensure its safe use in combination with other treatments.

In conclusion, while initial studies suggest that NMN supplementation may be safe in the short term, more research is needed to determine its long-term safety, potential side effects, and optimal dosage. As the field of NMN research continues to grow, it is essential to prioritize safety concerns alongside the exploration of its potential benefits for aging and overall health.

NMN Supplementation: Dosage and Forms

As interest in NMN and its potential benefits continues to grow, more people are considering incorporating NMN supplements into their daily routines. However, understanding the appropriate dosage and forms of NMN supplementation is crucial to ensure its effectiveness and safety. In this section, we will discuss the recommended dosages and various forms of NMN supplements available in the market.

The optimal dosage of NMN for humans is still an area of ongoing research. Studies conducted on mice have shown promising results with dosages ranging from 100 to 500 mg per kg of body weight per day (Mills et al., 2016). However, it is important to note that the appropriate dosage for humans may differ significantly from that of mice. Some human clinical trials have used dosages between 100 and 500 mg per day (Yoshino et al., 2021), but more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage for different age groups, health conditions, and individual needs.

When it comes to the forms of NMN supplements, there are several options available, including capsules, tablets, powders, and sublingual (under the tongue) formulations. Each form has its advantages and disadvantages, and the choice depends on personal preferences and specific needs.

Capsules and tablets are the most common forms of NMN supplements. They are convenient, easy to consume, and have a longer shelf life. However, they may take longer to be absorbed by the body compared to other forms, as they need to pass through the digestive system before reaching the bloodstream.

Powders offer more flexibility in terms of dosage, as they can be easily mixed with water, juice, or other beverages. This form allows for faster absorption, as it bypasses the digestive system and enters the bloodstream more quickly. However, powders may have a shorter shelf life and require proper storage to maintain their potency.

Sublingual formulations, such as lozenges or dissolvable strips, are designed to be placed under the tongue and absorbed directly into the bloodstream. This method allows for rapid absorption and avoids the potential loss of NMN during digestion. However, sublingual supplements may be less convenient to use and may have a higher cost compared to other forms.

In conclusion, the appropriate dosage and form of NMN supplementation depend on individual needs and preferences. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, especially considering the ongoing research on NMN and its potential effects on human health. As the science behind NMN continues to advance, we can expect more refined recommendations for its use in the future.

Conclusion

In conclusion, recent breakthroughs and discoveries in NMN research have shed light on the potential benefits of NMN supplementation in promoting healthy aging and improving various aspects of human health. These benefits include enhanced cellular energy production, improved brain and cardiovascular health, and better metabolic function. The role of NMN in DNA repair and its connection to the essential coenzyme NAD+ have also been highlighted, further emphasizing the importance of NMN in maintaining overall health and longevity.

While the current body of research on NMN is promising, it is essential to continue investigating the safety, optimal dosage, and forms of NMN supplementation to ensure its efficacy and minimize potential side effects. As our understanding of the science behind NMN and its role in aging continues to grow, it is likely that more breakthroughs will emerge, paving the way for innovative anti-aging therapies and improved quality of life for individuals as they age.

References

1. Wang X, He HJ, Xiong X, Zhou S, Wang WW, Feng L, Han R, Xie CL. NAD⁺ in Alzheimer’s Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Systematic Therapeutic Evidence Obtained in vivo. 2021. Link.

2. Sambashivan S, Freeman MR. SARM1 signaling mechanisms in the injured nervous system. 2021. Link.

3. Chini CCS, Zeidler JD, Kashyap S, Warner G, Chini EN. Evolving concepts in NAD⁺ metabolism. 2021. Link.

4. Malicki M, Karuga FF, Szmyd B, Sochal M, Gabryelska A. Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Circadian Clock Disruption, and Metabolic Consequences. 2022. Link.

5. Groth B, Venkatakrishnan P, Lin SJ. NAD⁺ Metabolism, Metabolic Stress, and Infection. 2021. Link.

6. Dupuis H, Chevalier B, Cardot-Bauters C, Jannin A, Do Cao C, Ladsous M, Cortet C, Merlen E, Drouard M, Aubert S, Vidaud D, Espiard S, Vantyghem MC. Prevalence of Endocrine Manifestations and GIST in 108 Systematically Screened Patients With Neurofibromatosis Type 1. 2023. Link.

7. Katayoshi T, Uehata S, Nakashima N, Nakajo T, Kitajima N, Kageyama M, Tsuji-Naito K. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 2023. Link.

8. Alegre GFS, Pastore GM. NAD⁺ Precursors Nicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMN) and Nicotinamide Riboside (NR): Potential Dietary Contribution to Health. 2023. Link.

9. Sharma A, Chabloz S, Lapides RA, Roider E, Ewald CY. Potential Synergistic Supplementation of NAD+ Promoting Compounds as a Strategy for Increasing Healthspan. 2023. Link.

10. Campagna R, Vignini A. NAD⁺ Homeostasis and NAD⁺-Consuming Enzymes: Implications for Vascular Health. 2023. Link.

11. Doamekpor SK, Sharma S, Kiledjian M, Tong L. Recent insights into noncanonical 5′ capping and decapping of RNA. 2022. Link.

12. Poljšak B, Kovač V, Milisav I. Current Uncertainties and Future Challenges Regarding NAD+ Boosting Strategies. 2022. Link